Social Contract Essay Example for Free

Implicit agreement Essay Examine the view that ethical quality is an implicit understanding (30 imprints) Jean-Jacques Rousseau said Man was brought into the world free, and he is wherever in chains and what he is attempting to show is that an implicit agreement is authoritative on the individuals from a general public, wherever he will undoubtedly be good. The sources and purposes behind the maintaining profound quality (that is what is correct and what's going on) has been addressed since the times of Plato and one answer was offered by Thomas Hobbes a contractarian response. A contractarian accepts that individuals are self-intrigued and it would be sound for him to co-work with others. Hobbes built up this view by making us mindful of the (envisioned) condition of nature in Leviathan (1651) in which individuals were available before any type of social attachment and association. Hobbes affirms that as of now, everybody would pay special mind to their personal responsibility however this would included a lot of threatening vibe and a powerlessness to get things done out of dread (a people personal circumstance could be to take from you and along these lines cause you dread). Life would be a torment; war of all against everything is the means by which Hobbes puts it. The answer for this is collaborating between individuals. The ramifications of this is there is no ethical quality free of what individuals in some random society think. There are anyway issues with this to be specific truly there has never been any agreement. On the off chance that we looking verifiably, we have settled on understandings (be it the Fourth Geneva Convention or the Magna Carta) however there has never been an aggregate social good agreement. People seem, by all accounts, to be intrinsically social. To be sure, it isn't even just people ants seem to work in states. Further, an agreement would just be comprehended by a social being. Because of there being no agreement (verifiably), it would appear to make the thought repetitive for in the event that I havent marked anything, for what reason would it be advisable for me to be committed? In spite of the fact that we can protest and state that Hobbes isnt saying that individuals lounged around and marked a classified record rather he is recommending that if we somehow happened to envision the condition of nature to be the situation, it would defended for us to acknowledge such an agreement thus giving a legitimization for us to be good (just as the presence of social orders). Be that as it may, there appears to stay one issue. By saying that social orders create profound quality and that there is no ethical quality autonomous of this, it leaves us with the issue of social relativism. For it would be directly in a general public to slaughter all the adversaries if that is the thing that society decides, on account of the Nazis it would be the Jews, yet only from time to time do we discover somebody who might really call this good and not request move be made. We could anyway say that the agreement applies all around and that we have not arrived at the marking. However this isn't what the agreement is stating, for regardless of whether we were to acknowledge that rules applied all around is the contractarian approach truly informing us concerning profound quality? No! Regardless of whether something benefits me that may not the motivation behind why I do it and certainly not the explanation it is good. An absolutist would state that rules are good in themselves, paying little mind to the time or society in which they concurred. Locke builds up the possibility that there need be no genuine understanding by saying that it is a strategy understanding. This implies an individual who looks to receive the rewards of society certainly consents to implicit agreement and on the off chance that I dont, at that point I am allowed to leave. Anyway am I truly allowed to leave? It would not appear to be so. To leave, I would no doubt need to leave this would not just mean having an identification to go to an alternate nation, which would have its own arrangement of decides however implying that to get to the air terminal I would need to maintain the street rules in case I wish to be captured. Regardless of whether Hobbes is right in saying that there is no genuine agreement, we are left with for what reason would it be a good idea for us to respect the understanding? To be sure, on the off chance that we are self-intrigued as Hobbes says, at that point most likely when the opportunity arrived, we would act in a personal circumstance way? This view can be represented by Ian McEwans Enduring Love; there is a tourist balloon and in the container lays a kid there is an abrupt blast and the inflatable beginnings it flight. Five men take hold of the rope of the inflatable, oh dear there is another blast and in the event that each of the five men continue hanging tight, at that point the kid will be spared. This didn't occur. Everything except one, were left sticking on to the rope. Whats significantly more so obvious is that on the off chance that I am certain that I will pull off accomplishing something improper, why shouldnt I do it? In the event that I knew I wasnt going to be found taking cash, at that point it would be to my greatest advantage to take it. Hobbes answer to the previously mentioned question is a Sovereign. This implies there is somebody to authorize the law (the details of the agreement). By doing this, it would show that when acting against the agreement and offering power to personal circumstance, it would not be in our drawn out personal responsibility to do as such. Anyway this still doesnt answer the inquiry with regards to why somebody who realizes they won't get captured ought to be good. Undoubtedly, there are numerous individuals who are crooks and it is just discovered after they have kicked the bucket. Additionally, there is by all accounts an alternate contention set forward by David Gauthier who contends that to there is no requirement for a sovereign on the grounds that those of us who have manners to unselfishness, will in the long haul have a bigger number of advantages than the individuals who are shot-sightedly self-intrigued. This view is solid as in it shows that individuals are really charitable with a reason for doing as such and in this manner not having an over skeptical perspective on people (in this way the lesser requirement for a sovereign). There are further issues with the implicit understanding methodology. At the point when a fear monger has a prisoner, he can utilize the prisoner to direct the details of an understanding. This implies in spite of this being out of line, or even indecent, he can request anyway million pounds and for him to be acquitted of his demonstration. This is clearly indecent and wrong. This circumstance is similar to the condition of nature period and somebody solid directing the terms which are not good, for example, making all youngsters laborers. Moreover, we could take the perspective on Marx and Thrasymacus (from Platos Republic) who state that the implicit understanding is a methods for social control by the minority. This implies the ground-breaking and rich people groups premiums can be done under the cover of ethical quality. A model is the regard for property which, by no fortuitous event, is the thing that the decision class have. This implies the frail can be abused and the rulers can keep up their position. We can reprimand Marx for not considering that individuals don't take since they would prefer not to outrage the decision class yet this isn't what Marx is attempting to state. To be sure, he is stating this is the right motivation behind why individuals don't do such things and through instruments, for example, religion and instruction (from the beginning of time) they have been shown these principles and guidelines. Anyway John Rawls contends in his Theory of Justice that to counter this, we should choose the terms under a shroud of numbness wherein no one is sure for their position thus everybody will be battling for minority rights on the off chance that they are inside that minority; nothing is guaranteed! In the event that we place Hobbes see as truth, at that point we likewise end up holding a skeptical perspective on life for we have abundant chance to defy the guidelines of the agreement yet we don't. If we somehow happened to hold Hobbes see social orders would long be over on the grounds that we could no longer confide in individuals since they would take such childish activities. To state that individuals dont mug each other in dread of being gotten isn't conceivable. Most likely the activities of a mother or a carer in the ghettos appear to show that we don't act only for personal responsibility. Further, is Hobbes truly giving an exact record of profound quality? We can without a doubt have an agreement yet is the main explanation we don't break it since we dread the courts? Doubtlessly this isnt profound quality however an inclination of reasonability in an activity yet this view doesn't correspond with what we express. If somebody somehow happened to state Stealing isn't right, they don't imply that it is better on the off chance that you dont in light of the fact that it is progressively reasonable, they mean it is an ethically irreprehensible activity. Hobbes see is additionally put enduring an onslaught by elective perspectives, Richard Dawkins contends that selfless conduct can prompt transformative achievement and is hence installed in our qualities. There was never a traditional understanding rather in light of the fact that it is commonly advantage conduct helps our transformative achievement, people do it. So it isn't on the grounds that it is commonly invaluable that we decide to do it however we do it since it is worthwhile and has helped us arrive at this stage. This, obviously, isn't the main elective view others see good as what the Bible says or even the Quran. We could even adopt the utilitarian strategy and state that what is good is what gets the best number of people groups bliss. To take this view is, as stated, to overlook each case of benevolence. Anyway shouldn't something be said about glaring demonstrations of benevolence? The prideful person could state that subliminally we increase self-satisfaction from doing right things. In any case, once more, it doesn't follow that I am doing these things since I need self-satisfaction. On account of Mother Teresa, it isn't conceivable that she just did those things since she needed smugness. As the prideful person asserts that everything is somehow or another narrow minded, it refute the possibility of egotistical and sacrificial as it mutilates the qualification and leaves only thought processes which is definitely not a direct exact depiction of the world. In this manner to finish up, to hold the view that profound quality is characterized, portrayed and recommended by an implicit agreement eventually comes up short. Elective thoughts, at times, have logical support yet in addition have an increasingly precise portrayal of this present reality. The view is both critical and would prompt the amazing being on top and the frail being abused. Hence we should finish up as Hume did and say that there isn't generally legitimacy (in addition to other things) to this case.

Outline of Marriage in the Victorian Era Essay -- Victorian Era

Framework of Marriage in the Victorian Era In the Victorian time, marriage was not as romanticized or fantasy like as delineated in numerous books of the time. Despite what might be expected, love really assumed an exceptionally minor job in most of marriages that occurred. A commitment was gone into as one would move toward a business arrangement, and there were some commonly acknowledged principles and rules to follow. The Rules * It was unlawful to wed your expired wife’s sister. You could wed first cousins, however perspectives changed towards the finish of the nineteenth century, and this became disapproved of. * Victorians were urged to wed inside a similar class (recollect the perspectives on social versatility!). They could wed up, however to wed down implied wedding underneath yourself (Soames). * A lady going into the establishment of marriage must be outfitted with an endowment. The spouse to-be needed to demonstrate that he could bolster his new lady in the way of life she was acquainted with. * An unmarried lady could acquire cash and property after she arrived at the age of 21, however once wedded, all control would return to her significant other. A lady couldn't have a will for her very own belongings; since the control was in her husband’s power, he could appropriate her property in any capacity he enjoys, even to his ill-conceived youngsters (in the event that he has any). * Women wedded in light of the fact that they had an absence of alternatives; they were not some time ago taught, and were just educated in household obligations. They required somebody to help them, and were urged to wed and have youngsters (The Rules of Marriage). The Courtship * Marriage was a painstakingly considered subject for a lady; since she would lose command over any belongings once wedded, it was not somethin... ...furthermore, assisted with fortifying the family line, separate was neither financially or socially down to earth. It would ensure the family losing a portion of its quality and impact by surrendering property and riches. Works Cited â€Å"Marriage and Divorce in Victorian England.† Charlotte's Web: A Hypertext on Charlotte Bronte's Jane Eyre. . The Rules of Marriage in the Victorian Era.† . Soames, Enoch. â€Å"Marriage in the Victorian Era.† The Charlock’s Shade. 18 February 2004. Wells, Richard A. â€Å"Manners Culture and Dress of the Best American Society.† King, Richardson, and Co. Distributers. Springfield, MA. 1893. .

Culture studys neo-nazi music culture Assignment

Culture studys neo-nazi music culture - Assignment Example The rise of the neo-Nazi music in England occurred in the year 1970s with the show which was titled as ‘Rock against Racism’. Followed by this show, the variety of racists who were associated with the neo-Nazi skinheads was distinguished to be ‘Rock against Communism’ (RAC). The melodic show was personally associated with the support of the patriot neo-Nazis, racists and socially distress topics with the goal to proceed with progression and therefore assimilate such convictions inside the youthful age (Jewish Virtual Library, 2012). The ideas of the music culture which purposefully produced as a sentimental hysteria had been considered with the commitment of the neo-Nazi culture that is presently being sought after by the youthful populace. This conviction based frenzy associated with its categorisation of races, social gatherings and networks by the sentiment of uneasiness and passionate vitality concerning the apparent qualities and convictions that was or dinarily engaged during the music show (Shayovitz, 2011). Consequently, as the prime spotlight on the neo-Nazi music culture has been seen to soak up the convictions in the midst of the youthful age, it turns out to be very clear that the social development is probably going to strongly affect the youthful populace. It likewise due to the expanding inclinations for current music in the midst of the youthful age, that neo-Nazi music culture can have a dependable impression over this populace. The definition of the Neo-Nazi music culture occurred with the thought of the Jewish holocaust, as one the very pinnacle of wrongdoings during the Second World War time which was done by Adolf Hitler with the pledge to set up the Nazi dictatorship. The calamity of the Jewish holocaust is considered as one of the first explanations behind the event of such rising of neo-Nazis in Germany in the Second World War. There

An Enormous Earthquake Hits San Francisco - 825 Words

An Enormous Earthquake Hits San Francisco (Essay Sample) Content: Name: Instructor: Course: Date An Enormous Earthquake Hits San Francisco A few years ago, my family used to live in the city of San Francisco. The city is a coastal city and also one of the biggest urban centers in the state. It is a beautiful city, whereby many Americans and other nationals from other countries like to visit. The beaches around the City are one of the most attractive in America. Being a resident of San Francisco, we used to visit the beach every weekend. The beaches were a few miles from our house. We used to visit the beach to enjoy ourselves, and as such, we were not interested in the geology of the area. None of my friends and relatives who accompanied me to the beaches ever thought about any geographical or geological hazard that would unveil from the ocean. However, being residents, we were aware of some of the history in the area. From the history we knew, we were mindful of the fact that the area experiences earthquakes occasionally, however, small they might be. The extent of damage that this natural phenomenon caused the city at times made the town an excellent learning environment for people who wanted to learn more about earthquakes. The geological formation of the sea around the city and the land mass around the town was responsible for some of these hazards. In fact, it is reported in a US Geological Survey that San Andreas Fault is responsible for generating some of the earthquakes in the area. One of the most memorable events that took place was back in 2014. I had just completed my daily routine at the school gym when my friends and I decided to sunbathe at the beach. As we drove towards the beach, Curtis, one of my friends turned on the radio. The presenter read the news that caught my attention. In the Bulletin, it was reported that some students from the University of California had recorded some few earthquakes a few hours before. However, the strength of the quakes was small, since they only measured around 3.0 to 4.0 on the Richter scale. As a security measure, the Geological Department of the state warned people around the beaches to stay alerted. This was because the aftershocks of the quakes originated from the Pacific Ocean next to the town. We took that just like a usual warning that we are used to in this side of America. Few people if any took this advice seriously. Being, a sunny evening, a lot of people had gathered around the beaches to enjoy themselves. We arrived and shortly, we were swimming in the ocean and playing beach volleyball. At around 5 oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢clock in the evening, the unexpected happened. An incredibly strong earthquake was recorded. It was measured to be 7.6 on the Richter scale. The waves had originated from the Pacific Ocean, just as reported earlier. Large waves of sea water started coming towards the sea coastline where we were enjoying ourselves. The waves were too big and powerful that they even nearly sunk a yacht that was passing through heading south. People started running for their lives heading towards the town. Some ran on foot whereas others took their vehicles and bicycles. This uncoordinated flow of activities led to chaos. Traffic came to a halt as people didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t follow traffic rules. Our car was overwhelmed by water before we could escape from the beaches. Due to this, we had to flee on foot to save our dear lives. A storm was forming in the sky, and ten minutes later, a massive storm engulfed the town. High winds started blowing out houses around the beaches and even vehicles. Electricity was cut off due to the rain. The winds broke electric poles, and so were the power transformers. The town was in a total blackout, but for areas where generators were working. In the modern world we are live in, electricity is more of a basic need as opposed to some years ago when it was not. Virtually, everything in our country is run by electricity. Hospitals, schools, hotels, gas stations and homes were cut from the grid resulting in enormous losses by industries and even deaths in hospitals. Means of communication were cut entirely. No cell phone was functioning due to lack of signals. Signal stations for cell phones were either shut down due to power outage or the destroyed by the strong winds that engulfed the area. I tried to call my mom, and the connection failed. The internet providers also encountered connection problems. The internet was the only alternative that we had, but it failed too. Social sites for instance Facebook and WhatsApp Messaging were not functioning. This encounter made me realize...

Exigir Conjugation in Spanish, Translation, and Examples

The Spanish verb exigir means to demand or to require. It is a regular -ir verb, so it is conjugated like the verbs vivir and subir. In this article you can find exigir conjugations in the present, past and future indicative, the present and past subjunctive, the imperative, and other verb forms. When conjugating exigir, you must be careful with a spelling change that occurs whenever the g would be followed by an o or an a. The g in exigir makes a soft sound (like the English h sound), but in front of the vowels o, a or u it makes a hard g sound (like the English g in gate). Therefore, to maintain the soft g sound, the letter g changes to a j. For example, conjugations like exijo and exija use the letter j instead of g. Exigir Present Indicative In the present indicative tense, the spelling change g to j occurs only in the first person singular conjugation (yo). Yo exijo I demand Yo exijo respeto. Tà º exiges You demand Tà º exiges mucho de tus hijos. Usted/à ©l/ella exige You/he/she demands Ella exige muchas cosas de su novio. Nosotros exigimos We demand Nosotros exigimos libertad de expresià ³n. Vosotros exigà ­s You demand Vosotros exigà ­s muchas horas de trabajo. Ustedes/ellos/ellas exigen You/they demand Ellos exigen la renuncia del presidente. Exigir Preterite Indicative In the preterite tense there is no spelling change. The preterit is one of two past tenses in Spanish, and it is used to talk about completed actions in the past. Yo exigà ­ I demanded Yo exigà ­ respeto. Tà º exigiste You demanded Tà º exigiste mucho de tus hijos. Usted/à ©l/ella exigià ³ You/he/she demanded Ella exigià ³ muchas cosas de su novio. Nosotros exigimos We demanded Nosotros exigimos libertad de expresià ³n. Vosotros exigisteis You demanded Vosotros exigisteis muchas horas de trabajo. Ustedes/ellos/ellas exigieron You/they demanded Ellos exigieron la renuncia del presidente. Exigir Imperfect Indicative The imperfect tense is used to talk about habitual or ongoing actions in the past. It is conjugated using the stem exig- plus the imperfect ending for -er verbs (à ­a, à ­as, à ­a, à ­amos, à ­ais, à ­an). The imperfect can be translated as was demanding or used to demand. Yo exigà ­a I used to demand Yo exigà ­a respeto. Tà º exigà ­as You used to demand Tà º exigà ­as mucho de tus hijos. Usted/à ©l/ella exigà ­a You/he/she used to demand Ella exigà ­a muchas cosas de su novio. Nosotros exigà ­amos We used to demand Nosotros exigà ­amos libertad de expresià ³n. Vosotros exigà ­ais You used to demand Vosotros exigà ­ais muchas horas de trabajo. Ustedes/ellos/ellas exigà ­an You/they used to demand Ellos exigà ­an la renuncia del presidente. Exigir Future Indicative The future tense is conjugated by using the infinitive form exigir, and adding the future tense endings (à ©, à ¡s, à ¡, emos, à ©is, à ¡n). Yo exigirà © I will demand Yo exigirà ©respeto. Tà º exigirà ¡s You will demand Tà º exigirà ¡s mucho de tus hijos. Usted/à ©l/ella exigirà ¡ You/he/she will demand Ella exigirà ¡ muchas cosas de su novio. Nosotros exigiremos We will demand Nosotros exigiremoslibertad de expresià ³n. Vosotros exigirà ©is You will demand Vosotros exigirà ©is muchas horas de trabajo. Ustedes/ellos/ellas exigirà ¡n You/they will demand Ellos exigirà ¡n la renuncia del presidente. Exigir PeriphrasticFuture Indicative To form the periphrastic future you need the present indicative conjugation of the verb ir (to go), the preposition a, and the infinitive exigir. Yo voy a exigir I am going to demand Yo voya exigir respeto. Tà º vasa exigir You aregoing todemand Tà º vasa exigir mucho de tus hijos. Usted/à ©l/ella vaa exigir You/he/she isgoing todemand Ella vaa exigir muchas cosas de su novio. Nosotros vamosa exigir We aregoing todemand Nosotros vamosa exigir libertad de expresià ³n. Vosotros vaisa exigir You aregoing todemand Vosotros vaisa exigir muchas horas de trabajo. Ustedes/ellos/ellas vana exigir You/they aregoing todemand Ellos vana exigir la renuncia del presidente. Exigir Present Progressive/Gerund Form The gerund or present participle in Spanish is formed with the ending -ando (for -ar verbs) or -iendo (for -er and -ir verbs). Present Progressive of Exigir està ¡ exigiendo Is demanding Ella està ¡ exigiendo muchas cosas de su novio. Exigir Past Participle The past participle for regular ir verbs is formed with the ending -ido. It can be used as an adjective or to form compound tenses such as the present perfect. Present Perfect of Exigir ha exigido Has demanded Ella ha exigido muchas cosas de su novio. Exigir Conditional Indicative The conditional tense is used to talk about possibilities. In English it is usually expressed as would verb. Yo exigirà ­a I would demand Yo exigirà ­arespeto. Tà º exigirà ­as You would demand Tà º exigirà ­as mucho de tus hijos. Usted/à ©l/ella exigirà ­a You/he/she would demand Ella exigirà ­a muchas cosas de su novio. Nosotros exigirà ­amos We would demand Nosotros exigirà ­amoslibertad de expresià ³n. Vosotros exigirà ­ais You would demand Vosotros exigirà ­ais muchas horas de trabajo. Ustedes/ellos/ellas exigirà ­an You/they would demand Ellos exigirà ­an la renuncia del presidente. Exigir Present Subjunctive In the present subjunctive, the spelling change g to j occurs in all of the conjugations, since the endings of this verb tense contain the vowel a. Que yo exija That I demand Mamà ¡ espera que yo exija respeto. Que tà º exijas That you demand El abuelo quiere que tà º exijas mucho de tus hijos. Que usted/à ©l/ella exija That you/he/she demand La amiga sugiere que ella exija muchas cosas de su novio. Que nosotros exijamos That we demand El periodista pide que nosotros exijamos libertad de expresià ³n. Que vosotros exijà ¡is That you demand El jefe sugiere que vosotros exijà ¡is muchas horas de trabajo. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas exijan That you/they demand La gente espera que ellos exijan la renuncia del presidente. Exigir Imperfect Subjunctive To conjugate the imperfect subjunctive you need to start with the third person plural conjugation (ellos, ellas, ustedes), in the preterite tense (exigieron) remove the on, and then add the appropriate ending (a, as, a, amos, ais, an). There are two options for conjugating the imperfect subjunctive. Option 1 Que yo exigiera That I demanded Mamà ¡ esperaba que yo exigiera respeto. Que tà º exigieras That you demanded El abuelo querà ­a que tà º exigieras mucho de tus hijos. Que usted/à ©l/ella exigiera That you/he/she demanded La amiga sugerà ­a que ella exigiera muchas cosas de su novio. Que nosotros exigià ©ramos That we demanded El periodista pedà ­a que nosotros exigià ©ramos libertad de expresià ³n. Que vosotros exigierais That you demanded El jefe sugerà ­a que vosotros exigierais muchas horas de trabajo. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas exigieran That you/they demanded La gente esperaba que ellos exigieran la renuncia del presidente. Option 2 Que yo exigiese That I demanded Mamà ¡ esperaba que yo exigiese respeto. Que tà º exigieses That you demanded El abuelo querà ­a que tà º exigieses mucho de tus hijos. Que usted/à ©l/ella exigiese That you/he/she demanded La amiga sugerà ­a que ella exigiese muchas cosas de su novio. Que nosotros exigià ©semos That we demanded El periodista pedà ­a que nosotros exigià ©semos libertad de expresià ³n. Que vosotros exigieseis That you demanded El jefe sugerà ­a que vosotros exigieseis muchas horas de trabajo. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas exigiesen That you/they demanded La gente esperaba que ellos exigiesen la renuncia del presidente. Exigir Imperative The imperative mood is used to give direct orders or commands. In the tables below you can see both the positive and negative commands. Several of these conjugations have the spelling change g to j. Positive Commands Tà º exige Demand!  ¡Exige mucho de tus hijos! Usted exija Demand!  ¡Exija muchas cosas de su novio! Nosotros exijamos Let's demand!  ¡Exijamos libertad de expresià ³n! Vosotros exigid Demand!  ¡Exigid muchas horas de trabajo! Ustedes exijan Demand!  ¡Exijan la renuncia del presidente! Negative Commands Tà º no exijas Don't demand!  ¡No exijas mucho de tus hijos! Usted no exija Don't demand!  ¡No exija muchas cosas de su novio! Nosotros no exijamos Let's not demand!  ¡No exijamos libertad de expresià ³n! Vosotros no exijà ¡is Don't demand!  ¡No exijà ¡is muchas horas de trabajo! Ustedes no exijan Don't demand!  ¡No exijan la renuncia del presidente!

Cultural Bias and Structure in Herodotus Essay - 759 Words

Herodotus writes his Histories for Greeks. Specifically for Greeks living in Herodotus own time. The statement of purpose which begins the work seems to contradict this hypothesis. Herodotus claims to wish to prevent the traces of human events from being erased by time, and to preserve the fame of the important and remarkable achievementsÂ… [Herodotus, 1.0]. The underlying assumption here is that the author is preserving these events and achievements for future generations and perhaps even future civilizations. The text however does not does not follow these guidelines. Herodotus assumes that his reader will have certain amount of common knowledge. When discussing geographical distances, Herodotus often gives them relative to†¦show more content†¦Within this primary structure lies a secondary tangential structure. Herodotus tangentially discusses almost everything which is brought up in his historical narrative. Any subject, region, or people that is mentioned within the primary structure is a candidate for secondary structure examination. Most often this comes in the form of a discussion of some land that the Persians conquered. These secondary structure tangents often include their own historical narratives, geographical descriptions, and anthropological observations. The secondary structure of The Histories almost obscures the primary structure, making it difficult for a casual or first time reader to follow the overall narative. So we are presented with a narrative history quite similar to a modern history but which goes off on tangents on subjects when they first appear in the narrative (this of course includes tangents off of tangents). The structure of The Histories presents a problem. The secondary structure of The Histories almost obscures the primary structure, making the book difficult to follow. We are presented with two possibilities. Either Herodotus is not a good author or The Histories was not meant to be read as a book. Given the oral nature of fifth century Athens the later is far more likely. Books were likely a rarity in Herodotus time given the difficulty in reproducing them. Given the oralShow MoreRelatedThucydides And Thucydides Writing1054 Words   |  5 PagesHerodotus and Thucydides didn t agree often on how history should be recorded, taught, and observed. Herodotus, in his account of the War for Greek Freedom, takes great care to include the most seemingly insignificant details of Persian, Lydian, and Greek culture--from their practices regarding death to their sexual habits to how they eat at mealtimes. Thucydides, on the other hand, tells The History of the Peloponnesian War from a bias aga inst the clutter of religion, prophecy, culture, and humanityRead MoreThe Evolution Of The Homo2311 Words   |  10 PagesRhodesiensis estimated to be 300,000–125,000 years old. Most current researchers place Rhodesian man within the group of Homo heidelbergensis, though other designations such as Archaic Homo sapiens and Homo sapiens rhodesiensis have been proposed. Several cultural assemblages have been linked to the Neanderthals in Europe. The earliest, the Mousterian stone tool culture, dates to about 300,000 years ago. Late Mousterian artifacts were found in Gorham s Cave on the south-facing coast of Gibralta. Homo sapiensRead MoreLower Rank And Higher Incidence Of Ptsd During Veterans Of Oef / Oif3424 Words   |  14 Pagesto go forward. . . . Shuddering seizes you, the hair on your head stands on end, your soul lies in your hand.† Homer detailed Achilles’ emotional disintegration following the battlefield death of his best friend in The Iliad. The Greek historian Herodotus tells of an Athenian soldier in the 490 B.C. battle of Marathon who became permanently blind when the soldier standing next to him was killed, although the blinded soldier was wounded in no part of his body. Another was so visibly shaken by the

ACS and the ICT Profession Report

Question: Write a report about the ACS and the ICT Profession. Answer: Data protection system in the communication strategy of the organization: This event is about the information and communication technology of the Australian Cyber Events 2015 (Pelton et al. 2015). This report is based on communication processes involved in everyday life such as file sharing process, email, chatting, voice message and video calls. It has been observed that the website of Kmart and David Jones was hacked and details of the customers were disclosed. Moreover, the unknown hackers hacked the profile of Aussie Farmers and posted the details of 5000 users online (Andress and Winterfeld 2013). It has been found that customers data has been stolen from the cloud storage of Aussie Travel but the organization had not informed the customers. As stated by Pelton et al. (2015), the Australian organizations has failed to maintain their responsibility to protect the data of their customers. It is understood that the organization has faced the privacy issues regarding data breach notification in the information commissioners (Andress and Winterfeld 2013). The reputation of the organization faced much damage to the media reporting of the incident. The Australian Federal Government has implemented the Critical Infrastructure Resilience Strategy in 2010. This strategy supports the security to the economic and social aspect to the organizations. The core communication system of the organization has been protected by the Australian Cyber Security Centre (ACSC) in 2013 (Andress and Winterfeld 2013). The Prime Minister and Cabinet has implemented a six months review and implemented the security system for short term stocks in the global market resulting in significant changes in the market dynamics. The government has implemented four different teams to provide Cyber Security. It has been observed that the NATO Cooperative Cyber Defense Centre has provided training on Cyber security System. The Tallinn Law (Rule 37 and Rule 38) has been implemented to protect the civilian and military information. Reference list: Andress, J. and Winterfeld, S., 2013.Cyber warfare: techniques, tactics and tools for security practitioners. Elsevier. Pelton, J.N., Singh, I. and Sitnikova, E., 2015. Cyber Threats, Extreme Solar Events and EMPs.Inside Homeland Security.

Mrs. Brownrigg free essay sample

My friend, Jen, called me last Sunday evening, and I was ready to gossip about the dance the night before. I soon realized by the tone of her voice that she had something more important to talk about. Sullenly she asked, Have you heard? Mrs. Brownrigg passed away this morning. l was shocked. I thought she was getting better she was going to come home soon. Jen was kidding right? Unfortunately, she was not joking. Mrs. Brownrigg had been a teacher at my high school, but she had not only been a teacher, she was the mother of a classmate and friend. She had never been my English teacher, but she touched so many peoples hearts in her twelve years of teaching at Old Orchard Beach High School. She was respected by her students, co-teachers, and everyone she came in contact with. She always looked at the bright side of life, and helped many people out of the dark. We will write a custom essay sample on Mrs. Brownrigg or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page She was my Peer Helpers advisor and a friend. I never missed the sparkle that glowed from her eyes, something you rarely see every day. It could always make me smile. Some of the best memories that I have are of the spaghetti suppers she would host for my field hockey and softball teams. We would all squeeze into her kitchen and dinning room to eat before a big game. I remember seeing her shiver with the other parents on cold marching band nights, congratulating and critiquing our performance. On Tuesday, when we returned to school, it was hard for my classmates and me to see teachers so distressed. They are models of such strong people. That was the beginning of a long, tough week. On Thursday my mother and friends drove to Saco for the services. I could not handle seeing the red, puffy eyed relatives and friends. I began to cry. I made it through the visiting, and retreated outside to the cool, refreshing air. There, friends comforted each other and conversed. I was surprised to see so many students. My friends and I walked into the small church, and sat together for comfort. The setting was different from what I was used to with the plain church, female head, and the ceremony. These were nothing like the Catholic traditions I had grown up with. It was much more personal. Her daughters, brothers, parents, and many students and friends got up to relate their wonderful memories. Sarah, only recently a good friend, sat next to me and we comforted each other during the hardest times. It hurt to see Steve, and other boys, the symbol of strength, bent over. The funeral ended with the song Ill Be There that sent everyone into more tears. My friends and I headed to the front of the church to pay our last respects and console Heather, her daughter. We hugged and cried, but even then my friends couldnt ease my pain. I turned to Alicia, I need to hug my mother! I saw my mother and flung my arms around her neck like a child saying, I love you so much, Mommy! Mrs. Brownrigg touched many lives. She gave me her smiles, encouragement, and her joy throughout her long battle with cancer, but she also gave me something that means much more. I wish that it had not happened because of her death and that I could thank her for it now. She showed me how to respect, love, and be grateful for my parents, which I sometimes forget.

7 Idioms from the Military

7 Idioms from the Military 7 Idioms from the Military 7 Idioms from the Military By Mark Nichol Military terminology and slang is a rich source of expressive expressions. Most, like â€Å"bite the bullet,† are clichà ©s, but some, such as â€Å"bomber crew,† are unusual (so much so, sometimes, that in writing they may require a partial explanation). 1. Awkward Squad This obscure but oh-so-useful phrase originated in military usage to refer to a unit of particularly inept recruits. Now, in civilian usage, it denotes an incompetent or obstructive group in a company or organization. 2. AWOL The acronym for â€Å"absent without leave† (pronounced â€Å"AY-wall†), sometimes spelled AWL (though pronounced the same), refers to the status of military personnel who desert their posts. It now refers in general to somebody who literally abandons a location, mentally disengages, or figuratively rejects a previously held conviction or opinion. 3. Bite the Bullet This expression refers to the tradition of giving a wounded soldier a bullet to bite on in the absence of an anesthetic while performing surgery on him on or near the battlefield. (An alternative theory refers to tearing a cartridge open with one’s teeth, but this wasn’t dangerous or difficult.) In casual use, biting the bullet is facing an unpleasant and/or difficult task. 4. Bomber Crew This phrase refers to the cinematic clichà © of the ethnically mixed crew of a military aircraft, familiar to fans of movies filmed and/or set during World War II: The characters, whether representing the crew of a bomber, soldiers in a platoon, or sailors on a ship, typically included such disparate types as a Jew from New York, a Midwestern farm boy, a tough guy from some rust belt metropolis, a Southerner, and so on. The expression could be used, for example, to refer to the â€Å"bomber-crew inclusiveness† of a poster depicting an ethnically diverse array of people. 5. Close Ranks In military formations, to close ranks is to compress the mass of soldiers after marching or standing apart, generally to create a more formidable offensive or defensive formation. In figurative terms, â€Å"closing ranks† now refers to an act of solidarity such as uniformly supporting someone or something subject to criticism. 6. Rank and File In marching and standing formation, soldiers standing abreast are said to be in the same rank, while a line of troops located from front to back is a file. (From the idea that the closer one is to the front of a marching column or a standing unit, the higher one’s place in the military hierarchy, came the use of the word rank to denote a degree of authority.) Now, â€Å"rank and file† is used figuratively to refer to the â€Å"foot soldiers† the ordinary employees as opposed to the leaders of an organization. 7. Scuttlebutt This term derives from the butt, or cask, that held drinking water on sailing ships; it was scuttled, or provided with a hole in the top, so that water could be drawn. In the same way that office workers gather around a water cooler to share gossip, the scuttlebutt was the locale of idle talk among mariners. Hence, scuttlebutt came to refer to the gossip itself, and the usage was extended to civilian environments. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:85 Synonyms for â€Å"Help†Cannot or Can Not?How to Punctuate Introductory Phrases

PERSONAL PAPER IBEW LOCAL 3 Electrical Apprentice...How Electrical Essay

PERSONAL PAPER IBEW LOCAL 3 Electrical Apprentice...How Electrical Theory Class should be more of a hands on learning class the - Essay Example By stimulating my mind, not only does my interest and desire for what I am working on or with grow, but my learning is also affected in as much as I will learn and retain more information. Whereas in the case of lecturing only, it leaves the mind the opportunity to wander and not absorb as much information as it could. Lectures, books and training videos are all excellent sources to glean information. The problem remains, without a more hands-on approach, the information will likely become stagnant and ultimately forgotten. It is my desire to be an electrician, and forgetting vital information is not an option. In addition, I think it is essential in the overall learning process that by using a more hands-on approach, my teacher will also create an atmosphere of learning how to handle myself in a hazardous situation. If my teacher only gives me the education on how and why electricity works and acts as it does, how am I, in such a volatile environment, going to learn how to handle my self and act or react appropriately? My teacher is very highly educated, is fully aware, and understands the activity of electricity. That is vital, but it is equally important that I learn how to demonstrate what I have been taught in a safe, calm and professional manner. Often, people who have not received enough hands-on training overreact, panic or create a feeling of dread when they realize the true dangers they are dealing with. According to Dr. Michael Burke of Tulane University, this feeling is referred to the â€Å"dread factor†. given a more hands-on â€Å"training environment, †¦[we] are faced more acutely with the †¦dangers of the job and they are †¦more motivated to learn about such dangers and how to avoid them.† this applies to everyone in my class, because our actions and words will have a large impact on how we handle a given situation, and could be the difference between life and death. The hazards that any electrician faces are dauntin g, but with proper training and understanding, they are highly attuned to what is going on around them and act accordingly. In a more hands-on learning setting, it is more motivating to the apprentice to learn and use the knowledge gained. Hands-on learning also provides a social aspect to learning that would otherwise not occur. This social construct provides more details concerning the hazards and consequences of not acting or reacting responsibly. People in general are motivated by self-preservation and not knowing and understanding potential dangers is perilous to them as well as others. This lends itself to another aspect of hands-on learning that a lecture simply cannot provide. We as humans understand our weaknesses, no matter how strong or weak we may perceive ourselves to be. This understanding of our vulnerabilities is key to understanding how we learn. It is a huge motivator to learn actions, words and feelings that are unfamiliar, and address them in a controlled environ ment where a â€Å"life-threatening† situation is occurring. This way of learning will not only improve knowledge of electricity, its components and capabilities, but will also show, through experience, how to handle volatile situations.

Baltimore Symphony Orchestra Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Baltimore Symphony Orchestra - Movie Review Example According to the reactions of many students who were in attendance, the likes overweighed the dislikes apart from the fact that dressing or costumes went a little bit too far and many were not comfortable with them. The fact that this was just one dislike, the likes included the best voices in the world this time witnessed in live performance, great styles on stage and most of all what seemed like the best organization and coordination among the artists who were present. This automatically influenced many students develop the desire to attend another concert in the future. In Opera context, there was a similarity between Don Giovanni-Mozart Madam Butterfly-Puccini because they all acted and appeared in theatre scenes in the same year. In all their acting, they seem to believe in fallacy making it a similarity amongst all of them. Don who featured as the daughter of the regiment from2000 to 2001, Puccini who featured as the girl of the golden west in the same year and Manama Butterfly in 2002 as well as Mozart who featured in the marriage of Figaro, all highly advocate fallacy for they say a fallacy is an informal notion or logic of thought. It is normally due to a misconception or false assumption (Ellen, 202). Normally, all of them direct it towards any other reason other than the true conception of truth. This form of reasoning is used to win arguments. There are many forms of trying to go about this form of reasoning in arguments relating to the question that the first paragraph intended to answer. In order to have a critical and analytical understanding of jazz composers, one should be familiar with the basic common errors of reasoning in order to have a concise form of logical argument (Ellen, 202). Answering the question of my thoughts on the plot of each opera, which many people have not been able to answer since 1960, every Opera production in the United States of America supports performance and creation of new works by American composers especially th ose from the northern side. OPERA America’s online education core, which is the learning centre, features information, which not only focuses on frequent operas but also houses an inventory that has proven to grow of composers from north America as well as their operas for use by opera lovers, artists and administrators (mark, 12). Therefore, the concert finds synopses, biographies of librettists and composers, historical essays and other research as well as other multimedia excerpts. Jazz composers for example, which happens to be the genre subject in this paper, started way back in the 1960’s and up to date the composers still rely on Opera for research work. In the Opera, there is the voice workshop and the composers’ series, which is a competitive biannual fellowship, offered to composers especially those of jazz and composer/librettist teams (Mark, 212). The composers in subject do not relate to modern social issue because the notion behind fallacies as out lined by major philosophers asserts that in order to be a rational thinkers and composers, then one should avoid the illogicality in fallacies and carry out an examination to gauge one’s level of thinking. While composing, development for Rational Persons involves Viewing Development in Stages; the composer tries to explain the basic concepts that would help in becoming a rational jazz composer. Librettists like mark Campbell places in the mind of the audience stages of evaluation through which one can become a more rational thinker (Mark, 202). Other noticeable aspects include I. Non sequitur as the form of thinking where the

The Return of the Native By Thomas Hardy Analysis Essay Example for Free

The Return of the Native By Thomas Hardy Analysis Essay Thomas Hardy, a writer of nineteenth century society, has created an everlasting impact on its readers through his most profound and lively characters with varied dimensions in personality. He gave his characters a touch of realism with an in-depth intensity to misunderstand their real nature and their real intentions in life. They are always finding themselves in a struggle with their own desires and circumstances. Fate plays the most crucial yet evil role in many events in their lives with reflection of impassive attitude and tragic consequences. His â€Å"The Return of the Native† is also a tragedy unfolding many deepen aspects of his characters’ with the settings itself revealing impending damage or tragedy waiting to happen.   It appears hidden beneath the wastelands of Egdon Heath number of secrets aspiring to be opened. â€Å"It is a place of long life and of sudden death, of fertile spring and short, vivid summer.†(Flowers Spring, 19) Edgon Heath’s importance lies in the way it affected the personalities of Eustacia and Wildeve, who feel themselves depressed in these lonely places. For Hardy, life is painful and full of agony and is clearly seen in the eyes of protagonists. The plot of â€Å"The Return of the Native† is set in context to the passionate and romantic zeal of Eustacia who took her to a tragic end. â€Å"It is the force of circumstances-the malignant power of Edgon Heath to dwarf and thwart the aspiring soul –that derives Eustacia Vye to irretrievable disaster†. (Flowers Spring, 121) Hardy adopted Victorian style in â€Å"The Return of the Native† with its detailed description of the story with many references pertaining to classical and scriptural style. Initially, its theme raised the eyebrows in the society but later the same theme became most popular among readers and critics alike. The theme owes its popularity to its originality and very nifty; the novel contains various moral truths that were the part of the society. All the characters have appeared to be born and grown in relationship with their environment and changes in weather of Heath corresponds to the inner turmoil of characters. With Eustacia Vye as part of Heath, Diggory Venn too appears to be born out of the muddy earth and the name Wildeve itself suggests his attributes to be born out of Heath’s blowing winds. The story revolves around Eustacia who Hardy describes as the most tempestuous lady desperate for passionate love denied to her in the vast arid lands of the Dorset County with only his grandfather as her companion. She is feeling very dejected by her boring life and is looking for an ideal man with whom she could spend the rest of her life. By crafting Eustacia as the most voracious character, â€Å"The Return of The Nativeâ€Å" became yet another story in a family of genre of most sensational works of Hardy. Besides sensation of suspense, more important is the creation of melodrama and behavior in the extreme extent but it’s a novel that has both modest as well as honest appeal. The story raises the question how the free will of the people and fate can go side by side. Eustacia’s passionate desire to marry person of fortune brings her into contact with Clym and ultimately marries him. But fate has something else in store for her; Clym Yeobright’s wanted to open a school in native country and in his pursuit he got himself blinded and they had to live in a hut meanwhile Wildeve too inherited maximum sum of money and they began to meet regularly. This meeting became a cause for the biggest tragedy ever that could happen in their lives. First Clym’s mother Mrs Yeobright died due to heat and snakebite, as she was not allowed by Eustacia to enter into house. Later Eustacia died due to drowning and Wildeve too embraced death in his effort to save Eustacia. But Diggory Venn saved Clym only to leave him behind with blind eyes and as a wandering preacher. The story has a tragic ending but we can also see certain note of hope and optimism as Diggory Venn got his true love Thomasin. The whole story shows how human beings in their desire to obtain pleasure show incapacity to change for right actions leading to gravest tragedy. Hardy’s message is quite clear: happiness for human beings is very short lived, and they feel themselves at-least fortunate if they could at-least avoid pains. Amidst the conventional countryside, Hardy portrayed the changes in Victorian society his protagonists wanted to see in their lives, yet he too did not deny the errors of these uneducated and unsophisticated country folks who were equally known for their loyalty as well as prejudice. (Flowers Spring, 21) â€Å"The Return of The Native† was Hardy’s sixth novel and when it first appeared in the serial Belgravia, its subject raised controversy. But soon it became one of the most popular novels with its popularity lying in its inquisitive derive to probe most intricate issues involving human beings-disillusioned love affairs and societal prejudices crushing passionate desires. Hardy is quite clear when he says that no one can escape the destiny and those who would try to escape it would end up having tragic consequences’.   For D.H Lawrence, this novel delves into the ways communities handle their misfortunes. Many feel its ending is not clear even though there was tragedy in the end, yet Hardy gave it happy ending with the marriage of Diggory Venn and Thomasin. With this ending, Hardy left the readers to comprehend themselves the conclusion and it is quite true in real life too.   If there is a tragedy in the lives of the people, there are many who are happy too.   By making the ending of the novel uncertain and vague, Hardy states the life is also very uncertain and vague. â€Å"The Return of the Native† is very interesting to read and fully describes with intensity Hardy’s genre in describing his characters. With this story, Hardy deviated from his conventional style of being a tragic writer to bring forth happy ending. WORKS CITED Flowers, Charles Spring, Michael. â€Å"Thomas Hardys Return of the Native†. New York: Barron’s Educational Series, 1984.

Langston Hughes Biography :: essays research papers

Langston Hughes was born at the turn of the century. Hughes spent a rootless childhood moving from place to place with his mother who was separated from his father. During one year in high school, Hughes spent time with his father in Mexico, a light-skinned man who found an escape from racism in ranching. It was in that very high school that Hughes wrote his first poem after being elected â€Å"class poet† by his fellow classmates. His father was James Nathaniel Hughes, a man who studied law but was unable to take the examination for the bar because he was black. His mother was Carrie Hughes, a woman who studied at the University of Kansas, in an ongoing struggle to earn a living outside of domestic labor. With aid from his father, Hughes attended Columbia University, but soon became disgusted with university life and immersed himself in his first love—the poetry, jazz and blues of Harlem. Hughes supported himself in odd jobs like being a nightclub doorman while he traveled to places like West Africa, Italy, and Paris. During this time, Hughes wrote poems that earned him a scholarship to Lincoln University in Pennsylvania. His first published poem was also one of his most famous, "The Negro Speaks of Rivers", which was published in The Brownie’s Book. Some of the poems by Hughes provide political protests or social criticism, while others depict poverty, prejudice, and hopelessness in the life of an African American in Harlem. Later, his poems, short plays, essays, and short stories appeared in the NAACP publication Crisis Magazine; they were also showcased in Opportunity Magazine as well as other publications. One of Hughes' finest essays appeared in print in 1926, entitled "The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain.† His grandmother, Mary Sampson Patterson Leary Langston, was very prominent in the African American community of Lawrence, Kansas.

End of Life Essay

According to IOM (2008), the next generation of older adults will be like no other before it. It will be the most educated and diverse group of older adults in the nation’s history. They will set themselves apart from their predecessors by having fewer children, higher divorce rates, and a lower likelihood of living in poverty. But the key distinguishing feature of the next generation of older Americans will be their vast numbers. According to the most recent census numbers, there are now 78 million Americans who were born between 1946 and 1964. By 2030 the youngest members of the baby boom generation will be at least 65, and the number of older adults 65 years and older in the United States is expected to be more than 70 million, or almost double the nearly 37 million older adults alive in 2005. The number of the â€Å"oldest old,† those who are 80 and over, is also expected to nearly double, from 11 million to 20 million (Institute of Medicine of the National Academies [IOM], 2008, p. 29). The United States health care system faces enormous challenges as the baby boomer generation nears retirement age. Current reimbursement policies, workforce practices, and resource allocations all need to be re-evaluated, and redesigned in order to prepare the health care system for meeting the needs of the inevitably growing population of older adults. Areas such as education, training, recruitment, and retention of the health care workforce serving older adults will require remodeling. To accomplish this will require the dedication and allocation of greater financial resources, even at a time when budgets are already be severely stretched. â€Å"The nation is responsible for ensuring that older adults will be cared for by a health care workforce prepared to provide high-quality care. If current Medicare and Medicaid policies and workforce trends continue, the nation will fail to meet this responsibility. Throwing more money into a system that is not designed to deliver high-quality, cost-effective care or to facilitate the development of an appropriate workforce would be a largely wasted effort† (IOM, 2008, p. 1-12). Ethical Standards for Resource Allocation Ethics have a paramount role in solving the complex dilemmas surrounding the aging population and health care. There are several ethical standards I believe should be used in determining resource allocation for the aging population and end of life care. Yet realistically, most are unreasonable with the already limited resources available for health care. Unfortunately difficult decisions need to be made in the allocation of resources. Three primary ethical standards that could realistically improve health care for the aging, which I believe should determine resource allocations are: 1. Autonomy: suggest that individuals have a right to determine what is in their own best interest, though that interest may be limited if exercising that right limits the rights of others. 2. Beneficence: means that clinicians should act completely in the interest of their patients. Compassion; taking positive action to help others; desire to do good; core principle of our patient advocacy. 3. Justice: implies fairness and that all groups have an equal right to clinical services regardless of race, gender, age, income, or any other characteristic (Teutsch & Rechel, 2012, p. 1). It is inevitable that difficult decisions have to be made regarding how health care resources will be allocated for the aging and dying. In my opinion scarce health care resources should be offered as fair as possible (justice), to do the most good for the patient in every situation (beneficence), with respect of the individual human right to have control of what happens to their own body (autonomy). Elderly and end of life patients have a right to care that is dignified and honest. The three ethical standards noted above should be the driving force behind determining health care resource allocations, allowing for quality care delivery, tailored to individual health needs at any stage of â€Å"aging† through the end of life, ensuring protection and satisfaction to such a vulnerable patient population. As stated by Maddox (1998), perhaps the impact of the array of problems, issues, and the myriad difficult decisions that policymakers and managers make may be softened by imaginative and rational strategies to finance, organize, and deliver health care when resources are scarce. Decisions related to scarce resource allocations must be made in consideration of the ethical principles of autonomy, beneficence, and especially justice. Ethical issues related to scarce resource allocation are likely to become increasingly complex in the future. Thus, it is imperative that health care leaders diligently and ethically continue to explore these issues (Maddox, 1998, p. 41). Somehow, while using the three standards noted, we need to reform our health care system to benefit the aging and dying, and adhere to the codes of conduct the best way possible with the limited resources available. If there is a will, there is a way! Ethical Challenges The critically challenging ethical issue of â€Å"aged based health care rationing† is faced when preparing for an adequate health care system that will meet the care needs of the aging and dying. According to AAM (1988), the rationale for a program of health care rationing based on age rests on the assumption that society should allocate its resources efficiently, and that age-based rationing represents the most efficient method of resource allocation. Within this context, it has been argued that since most of the elderly are not in the work force they do not directly benefit society. Although the elderly, it is argued, should be provided with basic necessities and comfort, the greatest portion of health care resources, including expensive medical technologies, are better deployed on younger, more productive segments of the population (American Medical Association [AMA], 1988, p. 1). One tool developed by economist that has been used to measure value of ones life so to speak is known as â€Å"quality adjusted life years or QALY†. It is a widely used measure of health improvement that is used to guide health-care resource allocation decisions. The QALY was originally developed as a measure of health effectiveness for cost-effectiveness analysis, a method intended to aid decision-makers charged with allocating scarce resources across competing health-care program (Kovner & Knickman, 2011, p. 258). Another common term for health care rationing is known as the â€Å"death panel, or Obama Death Council†. This panel is a government agency that would decide who would receive health care and who would not receive health care based on some form of standard implemented by the government. One difficult ethical question posed is, if we do ration health care, who decides how it is rationed, when and why? The advocates of rationing argue that society benefits from the increase in economic productivity that results when medical resources are diverted from an elderly, retired population to those younger members of society who are more likely to be working. As stated by Binstock (200), promoting age-based rationing is detrimental to the elderly because it devalues the status of older people and caters to the values of a youth- oriented culture, a culture in which negative stereotyping based on age is prevalent. One possible consequence of denying health care to elderly persons is what it might do to the quality of life for all of us as we approach the â€Å"too old for health care† category. Societal acceptance of the notion that elderly people are unworthy of having their lives saved could markedly shape our general outlook toward the meaning and value of our lives in old age. At the least it might engender the unnecessarily gloomy prospect that old age should be anticipated and experienced as a stage in which the quality of life is low. The specter of morbidity and decline could be pervasive and over- whelming (Binstock, 2007, p. 8). Other ethical challenges related to the provisions of aging based health care are: 1. Lack of education amongst health care providers in meeting the care needs of the aging and dying as well as providers faced with ethically challenging decisions especially at the end of life. 2. Lack of funds to support the diverse and challenging health needs of the aging, and promotion of comfort when dying, whether it be funds for care, facility placement, or ability to hire enough staff to me the high demands of a large population, and education. 3. Cost effectiveness vs. quality of care vs. quality of life â€Å"In the end, there is no â€Å"solution† to the problem of aging, at least no solution that a civilized society could ever tolerate. Rather, our task is to do the best we can with the world as it is, improving what we can but especially avoiding as much as possible the greatest evils and miseries of living with old age: namely, the temptation of betrayal, the illusion of perpetual youth, the despair of frailty, and the loneliness of aging and dying alone† (Georgetown University, 2005, para. 62). One way or another it is imperative to our aging society that a health care system is developed under the principals of autonomy, beneficence, and justice that will not deliver care based on rationing and determination of ones’ worth, but based on the individual and their health needs that will facilitate optimal aging and peaceful dying. References American Medical Association. (1988). Ethical implications of age-based rationing of health care (I-88). Retrieved from http://www. ama-assn. org/resources/doc/ethics/ceja_bi88. pdf Binstock, R. H. (2007, August). Our aging societies: ethical, moral, and policy challenges. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 12, 3-9. Retrieved from http://web. ebscohost. com. ezp. waldenulibrary. org/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer? sid=64fb29eb-cd59-49c6-8750-ad2528de0fba%40sessionmgr110&vid=13&hid=114 Georgetown University. (2005). Taking care: ethical caregiving of our aging society. Retrieved from http://bioethics. georgetown. edu/pcbe/reports/taking_care/chapter1. html Institute of Medicine of the National Academies. (2008). Retooling for an aging America: building the health care workforce. Retrieved from http://www. fhca. org/members/workforce/retooling. pdf Kovner, PhD, A. R. , & Knickman, PhD, J. R. (2011). Jonas & Kovner’s Health Care Delivery in the United States (10th ed. , pp. 1-404). New York: Springer Publishing Company. Maddox, P. J. (1998, December). Administrative ethics and the allocation of scarce resources. The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 3(3). Retrieved from http://www. nursingworld. org/MainMenuCategories/ANAMarketplace/ANAPeriodicals/OJIN/TableofContents/Vol31998/No3Dec1998/ScarceResources. html Teutsch, S. , & Rechel, B. (2012). Ethics of resource allocation and rationing medical care in a time of fiscal restraint _ US and Europe. Public Health Reviews, 34(1), 10. Retrieved from http://www. publichealthreviews. eu/upload/pdf_files/11/00_Teutsch. pdf

Free Market For Human Organs - 1329 Words

Free Market for Human Organs This paper introduces the consequences of allowing a free market for human organs and how it will help alleviate the shortage for such items, which has arisen a social problem worldwide, giving entry to black markets. A description of the market for living organ donors and cadaveric organs can be found below along with the advantages, disadvantages, and ethical issues these markets arise in modern society. This paper also discusses how the shortage of human organs has created a black market for these items and the consequences it has in our society. The Demand In the United States, there is an increasing demand for human organs. According to the Department of Health and Human Services, approximately, 123,366 people are waiting for an organ and daily, 21 people will die waiting for an organ. These numbers increase every day and the gap between the number of patients waiting for a transplant and the number receiving a transplant has continued to widen. According to research, in 2014, more than 8,500 deceased donors made possible approximately 24,000 organ transplants. In addition, there were nearly 6,000 transplants from living donors. Nearly 48,000 sight-restoring corneal transplants were performed in the U.S. in 2014 (Statistics | Donate Life America, n.d.). However, these figures are not enough in order to meet current and foreseeable demand. Figure 1 below demonstrates how this gap has continued to increase in the past two decades in theShow MoreRelatedOrgan Donation : An Ethical And Effective Way Of Ethnic923 Words   |   4 Pagespropagandas are accustomed to coat the organ transplant and donation with the sense of ethnic. As time goes by, organ donation has become a volunteered action in some degree, and the lack of organs for transplanting reflects people’s unwillingness to donate without any incentive. Consequently, human have to admit that the altruism is just a romantic beautification of humanity. 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The demand for organs is unsustainable, so some people feel they must resort to otherRead MoreOrgan Selling And An Elderly Man Sits Patiently1531 Words   |  7 PagesOrgan Selling Peering into the window of Da Vita dialysis, an elderly man sits patiently. His patience is not from the fact that he has no place to go afterwards; his schedule was clear. His patience came from the fact that he can bare the wait in the room, because he knows down the hall the nurse will be re-puncturing his forearm to administer the hemodialysis. It was his third time coming in this week, which meant he wouldn t be back until next week. Of course, when he looks at the bruising on